Compaction processes are generally described using methods that do not distinguish volume changes of different types and pore sizes. The adjustment of shrinkage curves (ShC) using the XP model allows elucidation of the effects of soil management on changes in pore volume. This method coupled with micromorphological and micromorphometric determinations in soil thin sections allows the characterization and quantification of important soil features included pore types. The aim of this work was to examine the potential of shrinkage analysis to describe soil physical degradation under the most common management (continuous cropping-CC), an alternative management (integrated crop/livestock-ICL), related to quasi-pristine (QP); in two soils of northern of the Pampean region of Argentina (Typic Hapludoll and Typic Argiudoll). We focused on the changes of soil structural porosity in both methods (ShC and micromorphological analyses) in silty soils with low shrinkage-swelling capacity. The QP had a higher volume (or lower bulk density) in both soils. The slope of the structural phase was QP<ICL<CC, indicating lower structural stability, as a consequence of macropore destruction due to management intensity. Micromorphological analyses were in concordance to shrinkage analysis. QP showed higher structural pores from shrinkage analyses; and from micromorphometric analyses: higher Pores>50 um, a good pore orientation (vertical angles), and crumb microstructure derived from an intense biological activity were observed. In Typic Hapludoll, structural porosity in CC and ICL presented similar values according to ShC determinations. In Typic Argiudoll CC it was presented a lower values of structural porosity than in ICL. Similar results were estimated from micromorphological analyses (Pores>50 μm = QP(20.0%)>ICL(17.7%)>CC(16.0%)). CC and ICL were characterized by the development of platy peds and horizontally oriented planes, whereas ICL presented more biological activity. ShC and micromorphology analyses improved the understanding of soil functioning in these non-expansive soils, allowing the comparison between cattle trampling and continuous cropping in different soil types.

El proceso de compactación en general es descripto usando métodos que no distinguen tipos y tamaños de poros que son afectados. El ajuste de las curvas de contracción (CC) usando el modelo XP permite diferenciar los manejos de suelos con relación a la porosidad. Este método está en consonancia con las determinaciones micromorfológicas y micromorfométricas de cortes delgados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue examinar el potencial del análisis de las CC de los suelos para describir la degradación física de los mismos bajo distintos manejos de la región pampeana de la Argentina: agricultura continua (AC), rotación agrícola-ganadera (AG), respecto de una situación cuasi-prístina (CP), en dos suelos: Hapludol Típico y Argiudol Típico. Desde dos aproximaciones de análisis de CC y análisis micromorfológico en suelos limosos de baja capacidad de expansión/contracción. El tratamiento CP presentó el volumen más alto (menor densidad aparente) para los dos suelos. Las pendientes de la fase estructural presentaron el siguiente orden: CP<AG<AC, mayor valor más destrucción de macroporos. El análisis micromorfológico estuvo en concordancia con el análisis de contracción. CP presentó los mayores valores de porosidad estructural hallándose por análisis micromorfológico poros >50um, buena orientación, y una microestructura migajosa derivada de la intensa actividad biológica. En el Hapludol Típico, la porosidad estructural fue similar en AC y en AG. En el Argiudol Típico, AG presentó valores mayores de porosidad estructural respecto de AC. Similares tendencias fueron halladas en los cortes delgados (Poros>50 μm = CP(20.0%)>GA(17.7%)>AC(16.0%)). AC and AG se caracterizaron por el desarrollo de estructuras laminares con poros orientados horizontalmente, sin embargo, GA presentó una mayor actividad biológica. La complementación de las CC y el análisis micromorfológico mejoró el entendimiento del funcionamiento de suelos no expandibles, permitiendo la comparación entre manejos agrícolas continuos y aquellos con pisoteo animal en diferentes tipos de suelo.

O uso adequado de câmaras estáticas para determinar as emissões de N2O no campo requer a definição da hora do dia que melhor representa a taxa de emissão média diária. Um experimento de campo de curta duração foi realizado em um Chernossolo do Pampa Ondulado da Argentina, cultivado com soja em sistema plantio direto. As taxas de emissão de N2O foram medidas a cada 3 h durante três dias consecutivos. As taxas de emissão de N2O variaram entre 62,58 e 145,99 mg m-2 h-1 de N-N2O (média de cinco câmaras de campo) e foram negativamente relacionadas (R² = 0,34; p <0,01 ) com a temperatura do solo (14 - 20 °C). As taxas de emissão de N2O medidas entre 9 e 12 h foram positivamente relacionadas com a média diária (R² = 0,87; p <0,01), mostrando que na região de estudo a melhor época para amostragem de GEE é pela manhã.

The correct use of closed field chambers to determine N2O emissions requires defining the time of day that best represents the daily mean N2O flux. A short-term field experiment was carried out on a Mollisol soil, on which annual crops were grown under no-till management in the Pampa Ondulada of Argentina. The N2O emission rates were measured every 3 h for three consecutive days. Fluxes ranged from 62.58 to 145.99 ∝g N-N2O m-2 h-1 (average of five field chambers) and were negatively related (R² = 0.34, p < 0.01) to topsoil temperature (14 - 20 ºC). N2O emission rates measured between 9:00 and 12:00 am presented a high relationship to daily mean N2O flux (R² = 0.87, p < 0.01), showing that, in the study region, sampling in the mornings is preferable for GHG.